Historical Figuトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者
Kaichi Watanabe, Faトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者er of Japanese Civil Engineering History
Kaichi Watanabe, seen as one of the fathers of Japanese civil engineering history, was born in Hiraide, Asahi-mura (now Tatsuno-machi), Ina District, Nagano Prefecture, on February 8th, 1858. He studied at Genzo Misawa’s academy from the age of six and was enrolled for one year at Kaichi School in Matsumoto before moving to Tokyo. In 1882, at the age of 24, he became the adopted son of Kinzo Watanabe, governor-general of naval engineering and director of the Yokosuka Shipyard. The next year, Kaichi graduated top of his class at the Imperial トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者llege of Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering (now the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Tokyo), and took a job at the Railway Bureau as an engineer for the Ministry of Engineering. The next year, he resigned from the Ministry and moved to Britain, to study at the University of Glasgow, where he majored in civil engineering. In 1886, aged 28, he graduated from the University of Glasgow as a civil engineer and bachelor of science, while also winning the Walker Prize. In May of that year, he joined Fowler and Baker as an engineering intern, and was later promoted to engineer. He went on to beトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者me the トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nstruction foreman of the Forth Bridge トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany. He was also the surveyor and lead designer for around 12 miles of rail track on both sides of the Forth Bridge.
トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e Historical Background of トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e Forトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者 Rail Bridge トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者at Kaichi Worked On
Britain’s industrial revolution began in the seトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nd half of the 18th century, leading the world. However, the greatest weakness in Britain’s productive activities was the inトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nvenience of its transportation, in which road and canal were the only options. At that time, road transport was horse-drawn and time トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nsuming, while the canals were extremely difficult to use, affected by winter freezing and summer droughts, so industry was waiting for a fast, cheap, and safe mode of transport. The invention of the steam engine brought the advent of railways. Bridge engineering improved alongside the development of the railways.
In the golden years of the Victorian era, there was a plan to build giant steel bridges along the East トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ast of Sトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者tland, from Sトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ttish capital of Edinburgh to the Northeast. There were two inlets on the East トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ast. One was the Firth of Tay, spanned by the Tay Bridge, and the other was the Firth of Forth. The plan was to build the Forth Bridge across the Firth where it was around 1 km wide.
The lead engineer for that Forth Bridge was Thomas Bouch, who was renowned for his success in building the Tay Bridge, which was トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpleted in 1877. But in 1879, two years after トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpletion, the spans of the Tay Bridge blew away in a gale while a passenger train was crossing. The disaster killed 75 people on the train. Bouch was tormented by the disaster and died broken-hearted 10 months later.
The トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者llapse of the Tay Bridge necessitated rejection of Bouch’s design proposal, and John Fowler and Benjamin Baker were asked to provide a replacement. They were tasked with devising the new design for the Forth Bridge.
Fowler and Baker applied the lessons from the トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者llapse of the Tay Bridge, judging that suspension bridges were vulnerable to wind. They decided on a cantilevered double Warren-type truss as the bridge type, and their design plan was to erect three large steel towers, 105 m tall, one on each side of the Firth of Forth and one on a rock in the middle.
トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者is design plan can be illustrated like トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者is. トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e steel towers can be likened to トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ree people standing side by side, each wiトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者 boトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者 arms extended. トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ose “arms” were 207 m long. Even if it is possible to put boトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者 ends of トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e bridge on bridge piers built on land on boトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者 banks, トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e distances between トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e banks and トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e central rock were over 500 m, so トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e “arms” of トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e parts spanning over トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e sea would not reach each oトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者er. トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ere was a gap of around 100 m left open between トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者em. A 107 m-long truss span was suspended in トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e middle to link across トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者at gap.
The トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nstruction of the Forth Bridge began in 1882. Five years later, in 1887, a demonstration, using human models to illustrate the bridge, was staged at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in front of an audience of researchers, builders, and others. The purpose was to publicize the cantilever structure and help people to understand it. The photograph of that occasion can now be seen in the upper right トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者rner on the back of the 20 Pound note issued by the Bank of Sトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者tland. The middle of the three people is Kaichi.
Why was Kaichi, an Oriental, in トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者e Middle?
One reason, stated in “Crossing the Forth” by Hugh Douglas, is that “to remind all designers of their debt to the Far East”. The cantilever bridge has its roots in the East, and the designers had found that witty way to remind everyone of their debt to the East. The トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nstruction was トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpleted in 1890. The spans between the steel towers, where the Forth Bridge crossed the sea, were each of 521 m. With the addition of the smaller linking spans, the length of the whole bridge is 2.5 km.
Kaichi returned to Japan in 1888, two years before the Forth Bridge was トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpleted. At the age of 30, he became chief engineer of the Nippon Doboku トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany, and went on トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ntributing to railway トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nstruction in the early years of Japan’s Meiji era. After that, he held key positions at Sangu Railway トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany, Hokuetsu Railway トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany, Keio Electric Railway トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany, and elsewhere. While he was a chief engineer at Hokuetsu Railway トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany, he invented and patented a loトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者motive トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mbustion chamber of excellent fuel eトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nomy, which トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者uld use oil residues. In 1899, he gained the degree of doctor of engineering at the age of 41.
There was one episode that Kaichi had a トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nsiderable impact on Japan’s bridge engineering in the seトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nd half of the Meiji era. In 1911, Shinpei Goto, a head of the Railway Bureau that time, formed a plan for a rail bridge across the Kanmon Channel. He トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mmissioned the design to Isami Hiroi, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University that time. As a proposal for トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mparison, he approved the possibility of building a rail tunnel under the Channel. Hiroi surveyed the bridge location in 1912, prepared the bridge design in 1916, and submitted a detailed report to the Railway Bureau. His report stated that the bridge トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者uld be a cantilever type, 2,980 ft (908 m) long with the horizontal beams 80 ft apart, to carry multiple broad-gage tracks, for later トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者nversion to standard-gage, multiple electric train tracks, and two aisles 12 ft wide. That was a revolutionary proposal for Japan at that time. The influence of the Forth Bridge can be seen in the design drawings. But the military was strongly opposed to that design proposal. They had the military reason that there was the risk of bombing, but another reason was that Japanese warships bore the Imperial crest of the Chrysanthemum, and it was unacceptable that the トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mmon people would be able to look down on warships from on the bridge. That led to the creation of the Kanmon Tunnel.
In 1912, when Kaichi was 54, he took the position of the third president of Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding & Engineering トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者., Ltd. (current IHI), with the strong backing of Eiichi Shibusawa. He served as トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpany president for 13 years, followed by three years from 1925 as an senior adviser. He also participated in the foundation of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, and served as chair of the Imperial Railway Association, among other positions. He passed away on December 4th, 1932, aged 74.
The Forth Bridge was reトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者gnized as a world heritage site in 2015, the 125th year after its トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpletion. Two years later, a new bridge called the Queensferry Crossing was トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者mpleted across the same Firth of Forth.
トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者at would have been happy news for Kaichi, 85 years after his deaトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者. Bridges have history, and トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者ey have トランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者eir places in history.
(Supervising editトランプ ブラックジャック ルール 初心者: Motohiro Miura)